Attenuated deletion mutants of vaccinia virus lacking the vaccinia growth factor are defective in replication in vivo

Understanding the molecular basis of virulence in poxvirus is of great importance for the development of recombinant vaccines using vaccinia virus as a vector. We have previously described mutants of vaccinia virus with deletions ranging from 20 to 21 kb at the left terminus and with attenuated phenotype. The virulence of these mutants was studied, using different routes of inoculation, for protection from wild-type challenge in mice and for replication in vivo. Regardless of the route of inoculation, the LD 50 of the deletion mutants is at least 1000-fold higher than that of the wild-type. Results from protection experiments using viable and ultraviolet-inactivated viruses, and from determination of infectivity in different organs, indicated that the mutants were unable to replicate in vivo. Southern blot hybridization of viral DNA with pSC16, a plasmid containing the vaccinia growth factor (VGF) gene, revealed that in the IHD-W strain of vaccinia virus this gene is localized at the left terminus exclusively and that the mutants lack this gene. The results suggest that absence of the VGF gene is correlated with inability to replicate in vivo and decreased virulence.