Dual activation of adenosine A1 and A3 receptors mediates preconditioning of isolated cardiac myocytes

Ischemic preconditioning reduces post-ischemic myocardial injury by activating myocellular adenosine A1 receptors. Adenosine A3 receptors have also been implicated but there is no evidence for A3 receptors in cardiac myocytes. The aim of this study was to develop a model of preconditioning in isolated cardiac myocytes to evaluate the role of the adenosine A1 and A3 receptors in preconditioning-induced protection from ischemic injury. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also employed to establish the presence of adenosine A3 receptors in these cells. In the preconditioning studies, ischemic injury was simulated by exposing isolated rabbit myocytes (placed in the cell chamber and paced at l Hz) to buffer containing (in mM) 2'-deoxyglucose (20), NaCN (1), Na (+)-lactate (20), KCl (10) at pH 6.6 (37 degrees C). Changes of diastolic and systolic cell length were monitored with an optical-video edge imaging system, and hypercontracture was assessed as an index of irreversible cell injury. Preconditioning (2 min brief ischemia and 15 min reperfusion) significantly reduced cell injury resulting from a subsequent prolonged ischemia (10 min) and reperfusion (15 min), as indicated by a reduction in the incidence of cell hypercontracture from 67 +/- 6% to 29 +/- 5% (P < 0.001). Preconditioning-induced cardioprotection was only partially blocked by a maximally effective concentration (100 nM) of the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX) (cell hypercontracture = 43 +/- 3%, P < 0.05 vs. control) but completely blocked by either the combination of DPCPX (100 nM) with the adenosine A1/A3 receptor antagonist DPCPX +8-(4-carboxyethylphenyl)-1,3-dipropylxanthine (BWA1433; 1 microM) or the non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline (8-SPT; 100 microM) (cell hypercontracture = 64 +/- 4%, 59 +/- 5%, respectively; P = NS vs. control). In non-hypercontractured myocytes, preconditioning also substantially enhanced the recovery of the contractile amplitude and, similarly, this effect was only partially blocked by DPCPX but completely blocked by either the combination of DPCPX with BWA1433, or 8-SPT. These studies suggest that preconditioning protects isolated cardiac myocytes from ischemic injury independent of other cell types, and that maximal preconditioning-induced cardioprotection requires activation of both adenosine A1 and A3 receptors. Reverse transcription-PCR using primers for the r