Synthesis and Inhibition Studies of Sulfur-Substituted Squalene Oxide Analogues as Mechanism-Based Inhibitors of 2,3-Oxidosqualene−Lanosterol Cyclase

The synthesis and biological evaluation of three new sulfur-substituted oxidosqualene (OS) analogues (1−3) are presented. In these analogues, C-11, C-15, or C-18 in the OS skeleton was replaced by sulfur. The sulfur position in the OS skeleton was chosen to disrupt one or more key processes involved in cyclization: (a) the folding of the B-ring into a boat conformation, (b) the anti-Markovnikov cyclization leading to the C-ring, or (c) the formation of the D-ring during the lanosterol biosynthesis. Enzyme inhibition kinetics using homogeneous mammalian oxidosqualene cyclases (OSC) were also examined for the previously reported S-19 analogue 4. The four analogues were potent inhibitors of mammalian OSCs (IC50 = 0.05−2.3 μM for pig and rat liver OSC) and fungal cell-free Candida albicans OSC (submicromolar IC50 values). In particular, the S-18 analogue 3 showed the most potent inhibition toward the rat liver enzyme (IC50 = 50 nM) and showed potent, selective inhibition against the fungal enzyme (IC50 = 0.22 nM, 10-fold more potent than the S-19 analogue 4). Thus, 3 is the most potent OSC inhibitor known to date. The K i values ranged from 0.5 to 4.5 μM for pig OSC, with 3 and 4 showing about 10-fold higher potency for rat liver OSC. Interestingly, the S-18 analogue 3 showed time-dependent irreversible inhibition with homogeneous pig liver OSC (k inact = 0.06 min-1) but not with rat OSC.