Further studies on opioids and hibernation: Delta opioid receptor ligand selectively induced hibernation in summer-active ground squirrels

To examine the possible involvement of multiple opioid receptors in animal hibernation, we infused opioids selective for mu , kappa , and delta opioid receptors into summer-active ground squirrels ( Citellus tridecemlineatus ). The effects of those opioid treatments on the hibernation induced by HIT (Hibernation Induction Trigger) were also examined. Mu opioids morphine (1.50 mg/kg/day) and morphiceptin (0.82 mg/kg/day) and kappa opioid peptide dynorphin A (0.82 mg/kg/day) did not induce hibernation. On the contrary, morphine, morphiceptin and dynorphin A antagonized HIT-induced hibernation in summer-active ground squirrels. Infusion of delta opioid DADLE (D-Ala 2-D-Leu 5 enkephalin; 1.50 mg/kg/day), however, induced summer hibernation in a manner comparable to that induced by HIT. It is concluded therefore that delta opioid receptor and its ligand may be intimately involved in animal hibernation. In view of the fact that HIT was obtained from winter hibernating animals and might therefore be responsible for natural hibernation, our results also suggest that naturally occuring mu and kappa opioids may play an important role in the arousal state of hibernation.