Extensive antigenic heterogeneity of foot-and-mouth disease virus of serotype C

The antigenic behavior of 46 field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of serotype C has been studied with a panel of 24 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) prepared against FMDV C 1 or FMDV C 3 Indaial. Reactivities were assayed by immunodot, immunoelectrotransfer blot, and neutralization of infectivity. The epitopes recognized by the 10 nonneutralizing MAbs are conserved in all isolates analyzed. In contrast, extreme antigenic heterogeneity is documented with regard to reactivity with 14 MAbs that, on this basis, define at least 12 epitopes involved in neutralization of FMDV of serotype C. The 31 isolates from South America were divided into 17 distinct antigenic groups and the 15 isolates from Europe into 7 groups. Lack of correspondence between antigenic composition and the origin—date and place of isolation—of the viruses was noted in several instances. Antigenic heterogeneity is shown among epidemiologically closely related FMDVs. In most—but not all—cases tested, a good correlation was found between binding of a neutralizing MAb to virions and its ability to neutralize infectivity. It is concluded that variation of epitopes involved in neutralization of FMDV is extensive among subtypes of serotype C and also among individual isolates of one subtype.