Triangles of abuse: a model of maltreatment

Research and clinical evidence support the view that the perpetrator (P), victim (V), and observer (O), all contribute to child abuse and neglect. This paper describes a model in which they have a necessary part in precipitating and sustaining the maltreatment. It appears they form a triangle or tri...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Child abuse & neglect 1988, Vol.12 (3), p.363-373
1. Verfasser: Ney, Philip G.
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page 373
container_issue 3
container_start_page 363
container_title Child abuse & neglect
container_volume 12
creator Ney, Philip G.
description Research and clinical evidence support the view that the perpetrator (P), victim (V), and observer (O), all contribute to child abuse and neglect. This paper describes a model in which they have a necessary part in precipitating and sustaining the maltreatment. It appears they form a triangle or triquetra which rotates with time and circumstance. The perpetrator of sexual assault often becomes the victim when he is imprisoned. The victim of physical abuse may become the perpetrator of physical abuse in the next generation. Within each P, V, and O there is also a triquetra which rotates and which will determine how that individual behaves in the next instance. Knowing the relative preponderance of P, V, or O within each individual can help predict possible future abuse. Since therapists often determine their intervention by the view of the situation they adopt, it is important for them to understand their principal orientation towards either the perpetrator, victim, or observer. The legal model of abuse emphasizes individual accountability by viewing people as they are solely responsible for their behavior. This article rather than diminishing the responsibility of any individual, emphasizes the collective responsibility of all involved. Le modéle triangulaire pour lequel il existe quelques preuves de validité consiste á comprendre la maltraitance á l'égard d'enfants comme une fonction de la participation nécessaire de l'agresseur, de la victime et d'un observateur. Pour rendre possible le traitement de ce triangle, le premier besoin du thérapeute est d'examiner le point de vue de chacun et d'introduire ensuite un élément de flexibilité dans le systéme en aidant les individus impliqués á se rappeler et á raconter leur propre histoire. Ce modéle suggére un nombre de questions embarrassantes en ce qui concerne la responsabilité individuelle ou collective. Les vues divergentes des représentants de la loi et de ceux de la psychiatrie sont nécessaires et devraient être maintenues en l'état. A l'avenir il pourrait être possible de juger la situation équitablement en accord avec la contribution de chaque (POV) “perpetrateur, observateur ou victime.” En la investigación y la discusión del abuso y la neglicencia del niño no se ha prestado la suficiente atención al papel de la víctima en la precipitación o el mantenimiento de situaciones maltratantes. No se ha escrito casi nada acerca del papel de los observadores o los espectadores. En el modelo descrito en este art
doi_str_mv 10.1016/0145-2134(88)90049-X
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_78439745</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>014521348890049X</els_id><sourcerecordid>1302565764</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c414t-e4ab7f3cba54386c8d2a54f58bf094bb1d85acb9503440e5dfffcf52800c01193</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kEtLxDAQgIMo6_r4BwoFRRSpJk3SpB4EWXzBgpcV9hbSdCJd-liTVvDfm7plDx6cywwz3wzDh9AJwTcEk_QWE8bjhFB2KeVVhjHL4uUOmhIpaCwEF7toukX20YH3KxyCCz5BE4qZ5CKbouuFK3XzUYGPWhvpvPdwF-mobguohk6tq86B7mpouiO0Z3Xl4XjMh-j96XExe4nnb8-vs4d5bBhhXQxM58JSk2vOqEyNLJJQWS5zizOW56SQXJs845gyhoEX1lpjeSIxNpiQjB6ii83dtWs_e_CdqktvoKp0A23vlZCMZoLxAJ79AVdt75rwmyIUJzzlImWBYhvKuNZ7B1atXVlr960IVoNJNWhSgyYlpfo1qZZh7XQ83uc1FNulUV2Yn49z7Y2urNONKf0WExJnlCcBu99gEIx9leCUNyU0BorSgelU0Zb___EDGp-NAA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1302565764</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Triangles of abuse: a model of maltreatment</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals</source><source>Periodicals Index Online</source><creator>Ney, Philip G.</creator><creatorcontrib>Ney, Philip G.</creatorcontrib><description>Research and clinical evidence support the view that the perpetrator (P), victim (V), and observer (O), all contribute to child abuse and neglect. This paper describes a model in which they have a necessary part in precipitating and sustaining the maltreatment. It appears they form a triangle or triquetra which rotates with time and circumstance. The perpetrator of sexual assault often becomes the victim when he is imprisoned. The victim of physical abuse may become the perpetrator of physical abuse in the next generation. Within each P, V, and O there is also a triquetra which rotates and which will determine how that individual behaves in the next instance. Knowing the relative preponderance of P, V, or O within each individual can help predict possible future abuse. Since therapists often determine their intervention by the view of the situation they adopt, it is important for them to understand their principal orientation towards either the perpetrator, victim, or observer. The legal model of abuse emphasizes individual accountability by viewing people as they are solely responsible for their behavior. This article rather than diminishing the responsibility of any individual, emphasizes the collective responsibility of all involved. Le modéle triangulaire pour lequel il existe quelques preuves de validité consiste á comprendre la maltraitance á l'égard d'enfants comme une fonction de la participation nécessaire de l'agresseur, de la victime et d'un observateur. Pour rendre possible le traitement de ce triangle, le premier besoin du thérapeute est d'examiner le point de vue de chacun et d'introduire ensuite un élément de flexibilité dans le systéme en aidant les individus impliqués á se rappeler et á raconter leur propre histoire. Ce modéle suggére un nombre de questions embarrassantes en ce qui concerne la responsabilité individuelle ou collective. Les vues divergentes des représentants de la loi et de ceux de la psychiatrie sont nécessaires et devraient être maintenues en l'état. A l'avenir il pourrait être possible de juger la situation équitablement en accord avec la contribution de chaque (POV) “perpetrateur, observateur ou victime.” En la investigación y la discusión del abuso y la neglicencia del niño no se ha prestado la suficiente atención al papel de la víctima en la precipitación o el mantenimiento de situaciones maltratantes. No se ha escrito casi nada acerca del papel de los observadores o los espectadores. En el modelo descrito en este artículo se sugiere que existe un triangulo que reguiere la participación necesaria del perpetrator (o agresor), la víctima, y el observador (PVO), para precipitar y mantener el abuso. Asimismo existen complejas transacciones entre triangulos en las cuales un triangulo (PVO) entra en transacción con otros triangulos resultando en abuso o negligencia. Los triangulos rotan, con el perpetrator, la víctima y el observador cambiando sus papeles aparentes. La razón de esto es que dentro de cada individuo existen componentes de perpetrador, observador y víctima de manera que existen triangulos dentro de triangulos.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0145-2134</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-7757</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/0145-2134(88)90049-X</identifier><identifier>PMID: 3048579</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Oxford: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Biological and medical sciences ; Child ; Child Abuse - psychology ; Child Abuse, Sexual - psychology ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Medical sciences ; Models, Psychological ; Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry ; Psychopathology. Psychiatry ; Risk Factors ; Victimology</subject><ispartof>Child abuse &amp; neglect, 1988, Vol.12 (3), p.363-373</ispartof><rights>1988</rights><rights>1988 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c414t-e4ab7f3cba54386c8d2a54f58bf094bb1d85acb9503440e5dfffcf52800c01193</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c414t-e4ab7f3cba54386c8d2a54f58bf094bb1d85acb9503440e5dfffcf52800c01193</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/014521348890049X$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,4010,27846,27900,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&amp;idt=7809352$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3048579$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ney, Philip G.</creatorcontrib><title>Triangles of abuse: a model of maltreatment</title><title>Child abuse &amp; neglect</title><addtitle>Child Abuse Negl</addtitle><description>Research and clinical evidence support the view that the perpetrator (P), victim (V), and observer (O), all contribute to child abuse and neglect. This paper describes a model in which they have a necessary part in precipitating and sustaining the maltreatment. It appears they form a triangle or triquetra which rotates with time and circumstance. The perpetrator of sexual assault often becomes the victim when he is imprisoned. The victim of physical abuse may become the perpetrator of physical abuse in the next generation. Within each P, V, and O there is also a triquetra which rotates and which will determine how that individual behaves in the next instance. Knowing the relative preponderance of P, V, or O within each individual can help predict possible future abuse. Since therapists often determine their intervention by the view of the situation they adopt, it is important for them to understand their principal orientation towards either the perpetrator, victim, or observer. The legal model of abuse emphasizes individual accountability by viewing people as they are solely responsible for their behavior. This article rather than diminishing the responsibility of any individual, emphasizes the collective responsibility of all involved. Le modéle triangulaire pour lequel il existe quelques preuves de validité consiste á comprendre la maltraitance á l'égard d'enfants comme une fonction de la participation nécessaire de l'agresseur, de la victime et d'un observateur. Pour rendre possible le traitement de ce triangle, le premier besoin du thérapeute est d'examiner le point de vue de chacun et d'introduire ensuite un élément de flexibilité dans le systéme en aidant les individus impliqués á se rappeler et á raconter leur propre histoire. Ce modéle suggére un nombre de questions embarrassantes en ce qui concerne la responsabilité individuelle ou collective. Les vues divergentes des représentants de la loi et de ceux de la psychiatrie sont nécessaires et devraient être maintenues en l'état. A l'avenir il pourrait être possible de juger la situation équitablement en accord avec la contribution de chaque (POV) “perpetrateur, observateur ou victime.” En la investigación y la discusión del abuso y la neglicencia del niño no se ha prestado la suficiente atención al papel de la víctima en la precipitación o el mantenimiento de situaciones maltratantes. No se ha escrito casi nada acerca del papel de los observadores o los espectadores. En el modelo descrito en este artículo se sugiere que existe un triangulo que reguiere la participación necesaria del perpetrator (o agresor), la víctima, y el observador (PVO), para precipitar y mantener el abuso. Asimismo existen complejas transacciones entre triangulos en las cuales un triangulo (PVO) entra en transacción con otros triangulos resultando en abuso o negligencia. Los triangulos rotan, con el perpetrator, la víctima y el observador cambiando sus papeles aparentes. La razón de esto es que dentro de cada individuo existen componentes de perpetrador, observador y víctima de manera que existen triangulos dentro de triangulos.</description><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child Abuse - psychology</subject><subject>Child Abuse, Sexual - psychology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Interpersonal Relations</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Models, Psychological</subject><subject>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Victimology</subject><issn>0145-2134</issn><issn>1873-7757</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1988</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>K30</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kEtLxDAQgIMo6_r4BwoFRRSpJk3SpB4EWXzBgpcV9hbSdCJd-liTVvDfm7plDx6cywwz3wzDh9AJwTcEk_QWE8bjhFB2KeVVhjHL4uUOmhIpaCwEF7toukX20YH3KxyCCz5BE4qZ5CKbouuFK3XzUYGPWhvpvPdwF-mobguohk6tq86B7mpouiO0Z3Xl4XjMh-j96XExe4nnb8-vs4d5bBhhXQxM58JSk2vOqEyNLJJQWS5zizOW56SQXJs845gyhoEX1lpjeSIxNpiQjB6ii83dtWs_e_CdqktvoKp0A23vlZCMZoLxAJ79AVdt75rwmyIUJzzlImWBYhvKuNZ7B1atXVlr960IVoNJNWhSgyYlpfo1qZZh7XQ83uc1FNulUV2Yn49z7Y2urNONKf0WExJnlCcBu99gEIx9leCUNyU0BorSgelU0Zb___EDGp-NAA</recordid><startdate>1988</startdate><enddate>1988</enddate><creator>Ney, Philip G.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier Science</general><general>Pergamon Press</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>HGTKA</scope><scope>HZAIM</scope><scope>K30</scope><scope>PAAUG</scope><scope>PAWHS</scope><scope>PAWZZ</scope><scope>PAXOH</scope><scope>PBHAV</scope><scope>PBQSW</scope><scope>PBYQZ</scope><scope>PCIWU</scope><scope>PCMID</scope><scope>PCZJX</scope><scope>PDGRG</scope><scope>PDWWI</scope><scope>PETMR</scope><scope>PFVGT</scope><scope>PGXDX</scope><scope>PIHIL</scope><scope>PISVA</scope><scope>PJCTQ</scope><scope>PJTMS</scope><scope>PLCHJ</scope><scope>PMHAD</scope><scope>PNQDJ</scope><scope>POUND</scope><scope>PPLAD</scope><scope>PQAPC</scope><scope>PQCAN</scope><scope>PQCMW</scope><scope>PQEME</scope><scope>PQHKH</scope><scope>PQMID</scope><scope>PQNCT</scope><scope>PQNET</scope><scope>PQSCT</scope><scope>PQSET</scope><scope>PSVJG</scope><scope>PVMQY</scope><scope>PZGFC</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>1988</creationdate><title>Triangles of abuse: a model of maltreatment</title><author>Ney, Philip G.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c414t-e4ab7f3cba54386c8d2a54f58bf094bb1d85acb9503440e5dfffcf52800c01193</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1988</creationdate><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child Abuse - psychology</topic><topic>Child Abuse, Sexual - psychology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Interpersonal Relations</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Models, Psychological</topic><topic>Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychopathology. Psychiatry</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Victimology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ney, Philip G.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 18</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 26</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - West</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - MEA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - West</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segments 1-50</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - MEA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - West</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - MEA</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Child abuse &amp; neglect</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ney, Philip G.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Triangles of abuse: a model of maltreatment</atitle><jtitle>Child abuse &amp; neglect</jtitle><addtitle>Child Abuse Negl</addtitle><date>1988</date><risdate>1988</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>363</spage><epage>373</epage><pages>363-373</pages><issn>0145-2134</issn><eissn>1873-7757</eissn><abstract>Research and clinical evidence support the view that the perpetrator (P), victim (V), and observer (O), all contribute to child abuse and neglect. This paper describes a model in which they have a necessary part in precipitating and sustaining the maltreatment. It appears they form a triangle or triquetra which rotates with time and circumstance. The perpetrator of sexual assault often becomes the victim when he is imprisoned. The victim of physical abuse may become the perpetrator of physical abuse in the next generation. Within each P, V, and O there is also a triquetra which rotates and which will determine how that individual behaves in the next instance. Knowing the relative preponderance of P, V, or O within each individual can help predict possible future abuse. Since therapists often determine their intervention by the view of the situation they adopt, it is important for them to understand their principal orientation towards either the perpetrator, victim, or observer. The legal model of abuse emphasizes individual accountability by viewing people as they are solely responsible for their behavior. This article rather than diminishing the responsibility of any individual, emphasizes the collective responsibility of all involved. Le modéle triangulaire pour lequel il existe quelques preuves de validité consiste á comprendre la maltraitance á l'égard d'enfants comme une fonction de la participation nécessaire de l'agresseur, de la victime et d'un observateur. Pour rendre possible le traitement de ce triangle, le premier besoin du thérapeute est d'examiner le point de vue de chacun et d'introduire ensuite un élément de flexibilité dans le systéme en aidant les individus impliqués á se rappeler et á raconter leur propre histoire. Ce modéle suggére un nombre de questions embarrassantes en ce qui concerne la responsabilité individuelle ou collective. Les vues divergentes des représentants de la loi et de ceux de la psychiatrie sont nécessaires et devraient être maintenues en l'état. A l'avenir il pourrait être possible de juger la situation équitablement en accord avec la contribution de chaque (POV) “perpetrateur, observateur ou victime.” En la investigación y la discusión del abuso y la neglicencia del niño no se ha prestado la suficiente atención al papel de la víctima en la precipitación o el mantenimiento de situaciones maltratantes. No se ha escrito casi nada acerca del papel de los observadores o los espectadores. En el modelo descrito en este artículo se sugiere que existe un triangulo que reguiere la participación necesaria del perpetrator (o agresor), la víctima, y el observador (PVO), para precipitar y mantener el abuso. Asimismo existen complejas transacciones entre triangulos en las cuales un triangulo (PVO) entra en transacción con otros triangulos resultando en abuso o negligencia. Los triangulos rotan, con el perpetrator, la víctima y el observador cambiando sus papeles aparentes. La razón de esto es que dentro de cada individuo existen componentes de perpetrador, observador y víctima de manera que existen triangulos dentro de triangulos.</abstract><cop>Oxford</cop><cop>New York, NY</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>3048579</pmid><doi>10.1016/0145-2134(88)90049-X</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0145-2134
ispartof Child abuse & neglect, 1988, Vol.12 (3), p.363-373
issn 0145-2134
1873-7757
language eng
recordid cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_78439745
source MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals; Periodicals Index Online
subjects Biological and medical sciences
Child
Child Abuse - psychology
Child Abuse, Sexual - psychology
Humans
Interpersonal Relations
Medical sciences
Models, Psychological
Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
Psychopathology. Psychiatry
Risk Factors
Victimology
title Triangles of abuse: a model of maltreatment
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-29T17%3A20%3A07IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Triangles%20of%20abuse:%20a%20model%20of%20maltreatment&rft.jtitle=Child%20abuse%20&%20neglect&rft.au=Ney,%20Philip%20G.&rft.date=1988&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=363&rft.epage=373&rft.pages=363-373&rft.issn=0145-2134&rft.eissn=1873-7757&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/0145-2134(88)90049-X&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E1302565764%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1302565764&rft_id=info:pmid/3048579&rft_els_id=014521348890049X&rfr_iscdi=true