Gene expression of hypothalamic somatostatin, growth hormone releasing factor, and their pituitary receptors in hypothyroidism

Thyroid hormones are important to growth in mammals and have been shown to rapidly stimulate the rate of GH gene transcription. In this study, we investigated whether thyroid hormones modulate GH secretion through their effects on the gene expression of GRF, somatostatin (SS), GRF receptor, and receptor subtype 2 for SS (SSTR2). Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered hypothyroid with a single injection of propylthiouracil followed by methimazole in drinking water (0.02%) for 1 day to 12 weeks. Total RNA extracted from the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus was analyzed by Northern hybridization. GH messenger RNA (mRNA) level in the anterior pituitary was significantly reduced in the hypothyroid animals (P < 0.0001 vs. controls for all treatment duration > or = 1 week). An increase in hypothalamic GRF mRNA level, by 2- and 4-fold, respectively, was seen after 3 and 12 weeks of antithyroid treatment (both P < 0.001 vs. controls). Hypothalamic GRF content, studied in 12-week hypothyroid rats only, was decreased compared with controls (P < 0.05). A reduction in pituitary GRF receptor mRNA level was observed after 1 week of antithyroid treatment (P < 0.01 after 1 week, P < 0.001 after 3 weeks). Total hypothalamic SS content and SS mRNA level in hypothalamic fragments consisting predominantly of the paraventricular and periventricular nuclei became significantly decreased (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005 respectively) after 12-weeks of antithyroid treatment. The reduction in SS gene expression in the periventricular nuclei was confirmed by in situ hybridization. No significant change in the mRNA level of pituitary SSTR2 was observed up to 12 weeks of antithyroid treatment. In conclusion, we have demonstrated a reduction in the gene expression of GRF receptor and SS in the hypothyroid rat. Our results suggest that the changes in hypothalamic GRF and SS gene expression in hypothyroid rats may be compensatory in nature and are likely to be secondary to the reduction in GH synthesis and secretion in these animals. The reduction in basal and GRF-stimulated GH secretion in hypothyroidism can be explained by the observed reduction in GH and GRF receptor gene expression.