Medical treatment of sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder. Since 1981 the treatment of choice has shifted from tracheostomy or weight loss to uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and then to continuous positive airway pressure. This review encompasses the most recent literature, focusing mainly on current treatment options and other potential and experimental modes of therapy. We review in detail continuous positive airway pressure therapy, including unwanted effects; compliance and possible ways to improve it; and ways to deal with the difficult patient. We also review dental appliances, electrical stimulation, and potential hormonal and nicotine treatment.