Computer Simulation of the Upper Extremities

The development of real-time, interactive, threedimensional, computer graphic simulation of the musculoskeletal system with emphasis on the upper extremities is described. Developments in image analysis, scientific visualization, and interactive computer methods and the continuous improvement in knowledge of musculoskeletal function have combined to provide an exciting new tool for musculoskeletal research. Interactive simulation also has promising applications in medical education and clinical rehabilitation. Only those developments that fit the specific criteria of realism, real-time response, intuitive interaction, threedimensional structures, and modeling flexibility are discussed. It is hoped that an improved understanding of this emerging tool and an appreciation for its potential applications will be gained.