A pituitary-specific trans-acting factor can stimulate transcription from the growth hormone promoter in extracts of nonexpressing cells

The growth hormone (GH) gene is specifically expressed in the anterior pituitary. The first 289 bp of the human (h)GH 5′ region contains a promoter that is active only in pituitary-derived cell lines. These cell lines also contain a specific factor, GHF-1, that binds to two sites upstream to the hGH TATA box. Using in vitro transcription systems we demonstrate greater hGH promoter activity in extracts of GH-expressing GC cells than in extracts of nonexpressing HeLa cells. The two GHF-1 binding sites are essential promoter elements in GC extracts. Addition of GHF-1-containing fractions to HeLa extracts stimulates hGH promoter activity. Thus, GHF-1 appears to be a positively acting, cell-type- and promoter-specific transcription factor. Furthermore, the tissue specificity of the hGH promoter appears to be positively controlled by the abundance or activity of GHF-1.