The effect of tobacco smoking on the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocyte chromosomes

The incidence of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was investigated in the lymphocyte chromosomes of 24 bidi smokers, 18 cigarette smokers, and 20 normal nonsmoking controls. Bidi and cigarette smokers had a mean SCE per cell of 10.12 ± 2.41 and 8.15 ± 1.62, respectively, which were significantly higher than the mean value of 5.48 ± 1.29 found in controls. Higher frequencies of SCE were also observed in individuals who smoked more than ten bidis or cigarettes per day, compared with people who smoked less than ten bidis or cigarettes per day, respectively. Individuals who smoked bidis or cigarettes for more than 10 years also showed an increased frequency of SCE as compared with those who smoked bidis or cigarettes for less than 10 years.