Role of Glutathione in Macrophage Activation: Effect of Cellular Glutathione Depletion on Nitrite Production and Leishmanicidal Activity

We have examined the effects of two agents depleting the intracellular pool of glutathione (GSH) on macrophage activation induced by IFN-γ + LPS, as measured by nitrite production and leishmanicidal activity. Diethylmaleate (DEM), which depletes intracellular GSH by conjugation via a reaction catalyzed by the GSH-S-transferase, strongly inhibited nitrite secretion and leishmanicidal activity when added before or at the time of addition of IFN-γ, + LPS; this inhibition was progressively lost when addition of DEM was delayed up to 10 hr. A close correlation was observed between levels of intracellular soluble GSH during activation and nitrite secretion. Inhibition was partially reversed by the addition of glutathione ethyl ester (GSH-Et). Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a specific inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, also inhibited macrophage activation, although to a lesser extent than DEM despite a more pronounced soluble GSH depletion. This inhibition was completely reversed by the addition of GSH-Et. DEM and BSO did not alter cell viability or PMA-triggered O-2 production by activated macrophages, suggesting that the inhibitory effects observed on nitrite secretion and leishmanicidal activity were not related to a general impairment of macrophage function. DEM and BSO treatment reduced iNOS specific activity and iNOS protein in cytosolic extracts. DEM also decreased iNOS mRNA expression while BSO had no effect. Although commonly used as a GSH-depleting agent, DEM may have additional effects because it can also act as a sulfhydryl reagent; BSO, on the other hand, which depletes GSH by enzymatic inhibitı́on, has no effect on protein-bound GSH. Our results suggest that both soluble and protein-hound GSH may be important for the induction of NO synthase in IFN-γ + LPS-activated macrophages.