Cytotoxic studies in human newborns: Lessened allogeneic cell-induced (augmented) cytotoxicity but strong lymphokine-activated cytotoxicity of cord mononuclear cells

Nonspecific cytotoxic responses such as natural killer activity can be increased in vitro by incubating effector cells with soluble factors or allogeneic cells. We sought to determine if newborn cells, known to be deficient in most cytotoxic responses, including resting NK activity, could develop enhanced cytotoxic responses following incubation with allogeneic cells (augmented cytotoxicity) or with lymphokines (lymphokine-activated cytotoxicity). Cord whole mononuclear cells (WMC) incubated with irradiated Raji cells for 5 days develop lower levels of cytotoxicity toward K562 targets at both a 20:1 effector:target (E:T) ratio (39 ± 2.7% vs 49 ± 3.6%) and a 10:1 E:T ratio (29 ± 2.6% vs 40 ± 3.6%) than do adult cells. Lessened specific cytotoxicity of cord cells developed toward the sensitizing Raji cells was also observed at both E:T ratios. Attempts to enhance the induced cytotoxicity by incubation with interferon or isoprinosine were unsuccessful. In contrast, lymphokine (i.e., interleukin 2)-activated killer (LAK) cytotoxicity is not deficient in cord WMC. Indeed, the level of LAK cytotoxicity is equivalent to that observed with similarly treated adult cells despite a lower baseline level of cytotoxicity toward the target cells. In the presence of purified IL-2 for 5 days, cord WMC cytotoxicity against K562 cells increased from 12 ± 2.6 to 71 ± 4.2% and against Raji cells increased from 9.6 ± 2.5 to 48 ± 6.7%. Similarly treated adult cells increased their killing against K562 from 23 ± 4.2 to 61 ± 4.5% and against Raji from 12 ± 3.0 to 36 ± 5.3%. This substantial lymphokine-activated cytotoxicity of newborn cells suggests the possibility of therapeutic intervention with purified lymphokines in neonatal infections or neoplasms.