Amplification and analysis of promoter region of insulin receptor gene in a patient with leprechaunism associated with severe insulin resistance

A patient with leprechaunism associated with severe insulin resistance was studied to identify the molecular and genetic basis for insulin resistance. Insulin binding and surface labeling of transformed lymphocytes prepared from the patient showed a significantly decreased insulin receptor number on the cell surface. Southern blot analysis of the insulin receptor gene showed no evidence of large insertions or deletions. Furthermore, direct sequencing of all 22 exons and exon-intron junctions of the insulin receptor gene failed to show any missense mutations, nonsense mutations, or mutations at exon-intron junctions. However, Northern blot analysis indicated significantly decreased insulin receptor mRNA expression in the patient's cells. Moreover, restriction endonuclease digestion of the amplified cDNA suggested that the expression levels of one allele were less efficient than the other. These findings suggested that the regulatory region of the insulin receptor gene might have abnormalities. Therefore, we examined the 5′ flanking region of the insulin receptor gene. Southern blot analysis showed no major deletions or insertions between positions −1,823 and −2 relative to the translation initiation site. A 5′ flanking region of the insulin receptor gene spanning positions −881 ∼ +7 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and introduced into a reporter plasmid carrying the human growth hormone (hGH) gene. The nucleotide sequence of the amplified fragment showed two polymorphic sites at positions −603 and −500 in the patient, as well as in normal subjects. No other abnormal sequence was found in the patient. Promoter activity measured by hGH expression in transfected mouse L cells was not influenced by the polymorphism at position −603 located in a cluster of GC boxes. These results indicated that the 5′ flanking promoter region of the insulin receptor gene could be analyzed with the use of PCR, and that the decreased expression of insulin receptor gene in a leprechaun patient was not due to alteration of the nucleotide sequence in the examined promoter region, but possibly in another regulatory region of the insulin receptor gene.