Opacity genes in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Control of phase and antigenic variation

The chromosome of N. gonorrhoeae contains several complete expression genes coding for variant opacity proteins. DNA sequence analysis of two opacity genes derived from the same locus ( opaE1) of two isogenic gonococcal variants reveals common and variable regions in these genes. Genomic blotting experiments using synthetic probes suggest gene conversion as a principle for the assembly of variant sequence information in opacity genes. The 5′ region of opacity genes is composed of identical pentameric pyrimidine units (CTCTT) encoding the hydrophobic portion of the opacity leader peptide. This coding repeat is variable in a given locus with respect of the number of pentameric units. While all expression loci in a single cell are constitutively transcribed, the production of opacity proteins is determined by the coding repeat sequence on the translational level.