Chimeric Smooth Muscle-Specific Enhancer/Promoters: Valuable Tools for Adenovirus-Mediated Cardiovascular Gene Therapy

ABSTRACT—Gene transfer with adenoviral vectors is an attractive approach for the treatment of atherosclerosis and restenosis. However, because expression of a therapeutic gene in nontarget tissues may have deleterious effects, artery-specific expression is desirable. Although expression vectors containing transcriptional regulatory elements of genes expressed solely in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) have proved efficient to restrict expression of the transgene, their use in the clinical setting can be limited by their reduced strength. In the present study, we show that low levels of transgene expression are obtained with the smooth muscle (SM)-specific SM22α promoter compared with the viral cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer/promoter. We have generated chimeric transcriptional cassettes containing either a SM (SM-myosin heavy chain) or a skeletal muscle (creatine kinase) enhancer combined with the SM22α promoter. With both constructs we observed significantly stronger expression that remains SM-specific. In vivo, reporter gene expression was restricted to arterial SMCs with no detectable signal at remote sites. Moreover, when interferon-γ expression was driven by one of these two chimeras, SMC growth was inhibited as efficiently as with the CMV promoter. Finally, we demonstrate that neointima formation in the rat carotid balloon injury model was reduced to the same extent by adenoviral gene transfer of interferon-γ driven either by the SM-myosin heavy chain enhancer/SM22α promoter or the CMV promoter. These results indicate that such vectors can be useful for the treatment of hyperproliferative vascular disorders.