Condom promotion, sexually transmitted diseases treatment, and declining incidence of HIV-1 infection in female Zairian sex workers

Summary The control of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV-1, among sex workers and their clients in urban areas in developing countries, is considered a valuable and cost-effective intervention to contain the spread of HIV-1. The effect of a programme of STD treatment combined with condom promotion on HIV-1 incidence has so far not been measured. During an intervention including condom promotion, as well as monthly sexually transmitted disease screening and treatment among 531 initially HIV-1 negative female sex workers in Kinshasa, Zaire, 70 became infected with HIV-1 (incidence of 8·0 per 100 women-years [wy]). A decline of HIV-1 incidence was observed over time, from 11·7/100 wy during the first 6 months, to 4·4/100 wy over the last 6 months, 3 years later (p=0·003). Simultaneously, regular use of condoms with clients went up from 11% to 52% and 68%, after 6 and 36 months of intervention, respectively. Risk factors for HIV-1 seroconversion after multivariate analysis included irregular condom use (RR 1·6 [95% Cl 1·1-2·8]), gonorrhoea (RR 2·5 [1·1-6·4]), trichomoniasis (RR 1·7 [1 1-2·8]), and genital ulcer disease (RR 2·5 [1·1-6·4]), during the probable period of acquisition of HIV-1. In women who attended more than 90% of their clinic appointments, the HIV-1 incidence was 2·7/100 wy compared to 7·1, 20·3, and 44·1 per 100 wy among women who attended 76-90%, 50-75%, and less than 50% of the monthly appointments, respectively (p