Piezoelectric internal fixation devices: A new approach to electrical augmentation of osteogenesis

Prototype testing has been accomplished on a piezoelectric, internal fixation plate. This device combines a piezoelectric material with an internal fixation device as an integrated structure that provides mechanical stability, together with self‐generated electrical stimulation, for treating fractures and nonunion. In bench and animal tests we have demonstrated that cyclical loading can cause a device of this type to generate electrical charge while attached to bone. After rectification, direct currents within the range known to stimulate osteogenesis can be produced by weighed‐bearing loads. Furthermore, electrical output of the implants can be increased by externally applied ultrasonic energy. These twin developments and significantly to the potential armamentarium of devices to enhance bone healing.