Rat microglial interleukin-3

Interleukin-3 (IL-3, multi-CSF) is a growth factor for a variety of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Recently, microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) have been shown to proliferate in the presence of IL-3 both in vivo and in culture. Data obtained from cultured astrocytes gave rise to the hypothesis that astrocytes synthesize the microglial growth factor. This is the first report identifying rat microglial cells themselves as a source of IL-3. Culture media conditioned by isolated microglia enhanced microglial proliferation above fresh media controls. IL-3 polypeptide was detected in both conditioned media (CM) and in microglial cells by Western blotting and immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, anti-IL-3 antibodies were able to inhibit microglial proliferation induced by conditioned media. mRNA IL-3 was present in single microglial cells as revealed by in situ hybridization. Total RNA prepared from purified microglia yielded a single PCR amplification product. Identity of the PCR product was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization using a cDNA IL-3 probe and by DNA sequencing. Expression of mRNA IL-3 was observed in both absence and presence of lipopolysaccharide, a bacterial endotoxin, that commonly induces expression of inflammatory cytokines and inhibits microglial proliferation. It is concluded that IL-3 expression in microglial cells is an early marker of inflammatory events in the brain preceding the expression of other cytokines and most likely ensuring the recruitment of enhanced numbers of immunocompetent cells at sites of lesion. In the light of weak immune reactions in the brain, it is hypothesized that the expression of a characteristic T cell feature in monocyte-derived microglia may be a partial compensation of T cell functions in brain lesions.