18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and computed tomography in anaplastic thyroid cancer

Purpose Our aim was to evaluate in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) patients the value of 18 F-FDG PET/CT compared with total body computed tomography (CT) using intravenous contrast material for initial staging, prognostic assessment, therapeutic monitoring and follow-up. Methods Twenty consecutive ATC patients underwent PET/CT for initial staging. PET/CT was performed again during follow-up. The gold standard was progression on imaging follow-up (CT or PET/CT) or confirmation with another imaging modality. Results A total of 265 lesions in 63 organs were depicted in 18 patients. Thirty-five per cent of involved organs were demonstrated only with PET/CT and one involved organ only with CT. In three patients, the extent of disease was significantly changed with PET/CT that demonstrated unknown metastases. Initial treatment modalities were modified by PET/CT findings in 25% of cases. The volume of FDG uptake (≥300 ml) and the intensity of FDG uptake (SUV max ≥18) were significant prognostic factors for survival. PET/CT permitted an earlier assessment of tumour response to treatment than CT in 4 of the 11 patients in whom both examinations were performed. After treatment with combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy, only the two patients with a negative control PET/CT had a confirmed complete remission at 14 and 38 months; all eight patients who had persistent FDG uptake during treatment had a clinical recurrence and died. Conclusion FDG PET/CT appears to be the reference imaging modality for ATC at initial staging and seems promising in the early evaluation of treatment response and follow-up.