Dietary Beta Carotene and Lung Cancer Risk in U.S. Nonsmokers
Background Approximately 15% of all lung cancer deaths in the United States (about 22350 deaths annually) may not be directly attributable to active cigarette smoking. Consumption of beta carotene, which is derived almost exclusively from intake of fruits and vegetables, has been associated with a r...
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Veröffentlicht in: | JNCI : Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1994-01, Vol.86 (1), p.33-38 |
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Zusammenfassung: | Background Approximately 15% of all lung cancer deaths in the United States (about 22350 deaths annually) may not be directly attributable to active cigarette smoking. Consumption of beta carotene, which is derived almost exclusively from intake of fruits and vegetables, has been associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer in smokers. However, studies examining this association in nonsmokers, particularly nonsmoking men, are limited. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine whether dietary factors including beta carotene and retinol are associated with a reduced risk for lung cancer in nonsmoking men and women. Methods A population-based, matched case-control study of lung cancer in nonsmokers was conducted in New York State from 1982 to 1985. Dietary interviews were completed for 413 individually matched case-control pairs of subjects. To determine whether the relationship between dietary intake from specific food groups and lung cancer differed by type of interview, smoking history, sex, age, or histo-logic type, we examined data on the case-control pairs from each subgroup separately. The intake of beta carotene and retinol was calculated as the weighted sum of the monthly frequencies of consumption of food items containing these nutrients, where the weights correspond to the nutrient content of a typical portion of the food items. Results Consumption of greens (P for trend |
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ISSN: | 0027-8874 1460-2105 |
DOI: | 10.1093/jnci/86.1.33 |