Magnetic resonance of brain tumors: Considerations of imaging contrast on the basis of relaxation measurements

Proton spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times have been measured in surgically-removed normal CNS tissues and a variety of tumors of the brain. All measurements were made at 20 MHz and 37°C. Between grey and white matter from autopsy human or canine specimens significant differences in T 1 or T 2 were observed, with greater differences seen in T 1. Such discrimination was reduced in samples obtained from live brain-tumor patients due to lengthening in T 1 and T 2 of white matter near tumorous lesions. Edematous white matter showed T 1 and T 2 values higher than those of autopsy disease-free white matter. Compared to normal CNS tissues, most brain tumors examined in this study demonstrated elevated T 1 and T 2 values. Exceptions, however, did exist. No definitive correlation was indicated on a T 1 or T 2 basis which allowed a distinction to be made between benign and malignant states. Furthermore, considerable variation in relaxation times occurred from tumor to tumor of the same type, suggesting that within a tumor type there are important differences in physiology, biology, and/or pathologic state. Such variation caused partial overlap in relaxation times among certain tumor types and hence may limit the capability of magnetic resonance imaging (MR) alone for the diagnosis of specific disease. Nonetheless, this study predicts that on the basis of T 1 or T 2 differences most brain tumors are readily detectable by MR via saturation recovery or inversion recovery with appropriate selections of pulse-spacing parameters. In general, tumors can be discriminated against white matter better than grey matter and contrast between glioma and grey matter is usually superior to that between meningioma and grey matter. This work did not consider tissue-associated proton density which should be addressed together with T 1 and T 2 for a complete treatment of MR contrast.