The impact of metformin therapy on hepatic glucose production and skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity in overweight type II diabetic patients

The effect of metformin therapy on glucose metabolism was examined in eight overweight newly presenting untreated type II diabetic patients (five males, three females). Patients were treated for 12 weeks with either metformin (850 mg × 3) or matching placebo using a double-bling crossover study design; patients were studied at presentation and at the end of each treatment period. Insulin action was assessed by measuring activation of skeletal muscle glycogen synthase (GS) before and during a 4-hour hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (100 mU · kg −1 · h −1). Metformin therapy was associated with a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose (6.8 ± 0.6 v 8.3 ± 0.9 mmol · L −1, P < .01) and glycosylated hemoglobin ([HbA 1] 7.7% ± 0.4% v 8.5% ± 0.5%, P < .01) levels. Fasting hepatic glucose production (HGP) was also significantly decreased following metformin therapy (1.98 ± 0.13 v 2.41 ± 0.20 mg · kg −1 · min −1, P < .02), whereas fasting insulin and C-peptide concentrations remained unaltered. The decrease in basal HGP correlated closely with the decrease in fasting blood glucose concentration ( r = .92, P < .001). Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was assessed using the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique and was increased post-metformin (3.8 ± 0.6 v 3.1 ± 0.7 mg · kg −1 · min −1, P < .05). This was primarily the result of increased nonoxidative glucose metabolism (1.1 ± 0.6 v 0.4 ± 0.6 mg · kg −1 · min −1, P < .05); oxidative glucose metabolism did not change. Metformin had no measurable effect on insulin activation of skeletal muscle GS, the rate-limiting enzyme controlling muscle glucose storage. Thus metformin is an effective drug for use in type II diabetes mellitus, and its hypoglycemic action is likely to result from increased insulin sensitivity at the liver and periphery.