Transient left ventricular dysfunction syndrome: Patho-physiological bases through nuclear medicine imaging

Abstract Background Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is a novel heart disease, mimicking acute myocardial infarction. The term “transient left ventricular dysfunction syndrome” (TLVDS) seems to be more appropriate since variant forms of TTC sparing apical segments (mid-ventricular ballooning syndrome (MVBS) and inverted TTC) have been described. Patho-physiological bases of TLVDS remain poorly understood and its optimal management is until now empirical. Our aim was to characterize patho-physiological mechanisms of TLVDS by means of nuclear medicine procedures and to discuss the clinical usefulness of isotopic imaging for a non-invasive diagnosis of TLVDS. Methods and results During the sub acute phase, eighteen patients with TLVDS (13 TTC and 5 MVBS) underwent myocardial99m Tc-tetrofosmin or201 Thallium Gated Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (G-SPECT) ( n = 11),123 I-mIBG SPECT ( n = 8) and18 F-FDG Gated Positron Emission Tomography (G-PET) ( n = 15), assessing respectively LV perfusion, sympathetic innervation and glucose metabolism. Hypocontractile LV segments were characterized by normal perfusion but reduced uptake of18 F-FDG and123 I-mIBG. Topography and extent of metabolic defects and innervation abnormalities were largely overlapping. Follow-up123 I-mIBG SPECT and18 F-FDG G-PET were performed in selected patients showing rapid normalization of LV motion and progressive improvement of both glucose metabolism and sympathetic innervation. Discussion With the hypothesis of neurogenic stunned myocardium as the central causative mechanism of TLVDS,123 I-mIBG SPECT seems to be the most specific diagnostic technique. Sympathetic function and glucose metabolism seem to be strictly correlated in the hypocontractile LV segments. Finally, our results underline the role of nuclear imaging in the setting of patho-physiological mechanisms of TLVDS.