Effects of epidermal growth factor, estrogen, and progestin on DNA synthesis in mammary cells in vivo are determined by the developmental state of the gland

Estrogen (E), progesterone (P), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are involved in the growth and development of the normal mammary gland. While studies have been carried out to investigate the in vivo effects of EGF in the immature mammary gland, nothing is known about the growth effects of EGF or its potential interactions with E and/or P in the adult mammary gland. The present studies were undertaken to investigate the effects of EGF, E, and P on mammary cell proliferation in immature, peripubertal vs. adult, sexually mature mice. We have found that EGF promotes epithelial and stromal cell proliferation in both the immature and adult mammary glands. In the immature gland, the end bud epithelium is most responsive to the proliferative effects of EGF and there is no apparent interaction between EGF, E, and/or P. In contrast, in the mature gland EGF adds to the proliferative effects of E+P in the ductal epithelium resulting in more extensive ductal sidebranching. Thus these results demonstrate that the developmental state of the mammary gland determines the nature and extent of the interactions between EGF, E, and P in growth and development. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.