Robust train formation planning

Train formation planning models determine the routing and frequency of trains and assign the wagons to trains. In this article, a new robust mixed integer model for the train formation problems is proposed where the input data are subject to uncertainty. The optimal solution of the proposed model of this article is believed to be difficult to determine and a heuristic approach to find the near-optimal solution is presented. The implementation of the proposed model of this article is demonstrated for a real-world case study and the results are discussed.