Bioavailability of β-carotene isomers from raw and cooked carrots using an in vitro digestion model coupled with a human intestinal Caco-2 cell model

Not only is there limited information in the literature regarding the β-carotene (BC) isomer profile of micelles from digested foods; few studies have looked at their subsequent uptake and transport by human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Therefore, the aims of the present study were, first, to assess the profile of BC isomers in micelles from digested raw and cooked carrots; and, second, to determine their cellular uptake and transport. Greater amounts of all-trans-, 13-cis- and 15-cis-BC isomers were present in the micelles of cooked carrots compared with raw carrots. Furthermore, micelle fractions obtained from the most highly processed (pureed) carrots had greater (P < 0.05) amounts of all-trans-, 13-cis- and 15-cis-BC compared with those derived from raw and boiled carrots. A similar trend was seen with BC isomer uptake and transport. Our data suggest that the food matrix and degree of processing play important roles on carotenoid isomerization and bioavailability.