Methods of assessing diabetic control

Control of diabetes from complete normalisation to less adequate degrees of metabolic regulation needs to be assessed with regard to conditions of evaluation and to severity of the disease. Under optimal conditions the therapeutic events should occur with well-timed regularity. Different assessment criteria are appropriate depending on the severity of the deficiency of endogenous insulin. Plasma and urine glucose and ketone body measurements remain the practical standards for assessing diabetic control. Abnormalities of lipid and protein metabolites serve to augment the scope of the assessment. Triglycerides and haemoglobin AIc are also useful indicators of control. In mild (Type II) diabetes it may be possible to achieve normal plasma glucose measurements two hours after meals. Such aims carry a risk of hypoglycaemia in severe (Type I) diabetes. Normoglycaemia and aglycosuria in severe diabetes are feasible only preprandially in most cases. The use of urine glucose tests requires evaluation of blood-to-urine glucose relationships. Practical and convenient methods for identifying patients with high or low "renal thresholds" are described. Investigational methods for characterising diabetic patients assess the variability of glucose and other variables during therapy, as well as the degree to which normal values are attained. Such assessment methods may gain increasing practical importance as therapeutic approaches to diabetic control which are experimental at present come into practice.