Do face-valid items have more predictive validity than subtle items? The case of the MMPI Pd scale

Assessed the relative contributions of obvious and subtle item endorsements to prediction of a relevant criterion. The MMPI Pd scale was divided into obvious (O), neutral (N), and subtle (S) subscales on the basis of an earlier scaling of the items. Scores on these subscales were compared with scores on a nonconformity questionnaire. Data from 210 college students show that O scores were the most powerful predictor of the criterion, S scores made a smaller, but unique contribution to the prediction, and N scores made no contribution not already contained in the Pd -O-criterion relationship. Supplementary analyses that involved sex, L , and K scores are reported. Findings have implications for psychometric theory and test construction practices. (24 ref)