Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 in St Petersburg, Russia: Predominance of Subtype A, Former Soviet Union Variant, and Identification of Intrasubtype Subclusters

OBJECTIVES:To examine HIV-1 genetic diversity in St. Petersburg. METHODS:Partial HIV-1 pol sequences from 102 plasma samples collected in 2006 were analyzed with a Bayesian phylogeny inference method. RESULTS:Subtype A, former Soviet Union (FSU) variant (AFSU), was the predominant clade (89.3%); other clades were subtypes B (9.7%) and F1 (1%). AFSU was predominant both among injecting drug users (98.2%) and heterosexually infected individuals (91.4%), whereas subtype B was more prevalent among homosexual men (75%). Within the AFSU variant, most sequences (93.5%) branched within 1 of 4 strongly supported subclusters. The largest comprised 63% AFSU viruses and was uncommon outside St Petersburg. A second subcluster (17.4% AFSU viruses) corresponds to the variant with the V77I substitution in protease, which is widely circulating in different FSU countries. Two minor subclusters comprised 8.7% and 6.5% AFSU viruses, respectively. There was no correlation between risk exposure and AFSU subclusters. Six of 8 subtype B sequences, 4 of them from homosexual men, grouped in a monophyletic subcluster. CONCLUSIONS:The results of this study show a great predominance of AFSU viruses in St Petersburg and point to a few phylogenetically identifiable introductions as the origin of most current HIV-1 AFSU infections in the city.