The upper Shemshak Formation (Toarcian–Aalenian) of the Eastern Alborz (Iran): Biota and palaeoenvironments during a transgressive–regressive cycle

The siliciclastic, up to 4,000 m thick Upper Triassic-Bajocian Shemshak Formation is widespread across the Iran Plate, especially in the Alborz Mountains of northern Iran. In contrast to its lower, generally non-marine part, the upper part is marine. Based on the Tazareh section of the eastern Alborz, an integrated analysis of this marine interval is presented. The 1,700 m thick marine sedimentary succession records a gradual deepening from inner to mid and outer shelf environments from the Middle Toarcian to early Late Aalenian. During the Late Aalenian-Early Bajocian, the trend was reversed and infilling of the basin by a large delta system occurred. This general facies development reflects a nearly symmetrical transgressive-regressive (T-R) megacycle, terminated by the inter-regional mid-Cimmerian tectonic event. A renewed transgression in the early Late Bajocian initiated a subsequent sedimentary megacycle. The bioturbated mid and outer shelf sediments contain a low to moderately diverse benthic fauna dominated by deep burrowing bivalves, often preserved in the growth position. A hierarchy of four orders of sedimentary cycles can be recognized (parasequences, parasequence sets, unconformity-bounded third-order depositional sequences, and the 13 ma long second-order T-R megacycle). A regional correlation with the Jajarm area (200 km to the east) shows a very similar temporal facies pattern of the upper Shemshak Formation. The eastern Alborz T-R cycle is completely out-of-phase with other (eustatic) sea-level curves, suggesting regional tectonic control. Rough estimates of subsidence rates give an average value of 126 m/ma. However, much higher values for the Aalenian (230 m/ma), particularly the Late Aalenian (700 m/ma), indicate a distinct increase in subsidence rate towards the Early Bajocian mid-Cimmerian tectonic event. These high subsidence rates suggest that the sediments of the Shemshak Formation of the eastern Alborz formed in a (young) rift basin.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]