Cometary Delivery of Organic Molecules to the Early Earth

It has long been speculated that Earth accreted prebiotic organic molecules important for the origins of life from impacts of carbonaceous asteroids and comets during the period of heavy bombardment 4.5 × 10$^9$ to 3.8 × 10$^9$ years ago. A comprehensive treatment of cometasteroid interaction with the atmosphere, surface impact, and resulting organic pyrolysis demonstrates that organics will not survive impacts at velocities greater than about 10 kilometers per second and that even comets and asteroids as small as 100 meters in radius cannot be aerobraked to below this velocity in 1-bar atmospheres. However, for plausible dense (10-bar carbon dioxide) early atmospheres, we find that 4.5 × 10$^9$ years ago Earth was accreting intact cometary organics at a rate of at least ∼10$^6$ to 10$^7$ kilograms per year, a flux that thereafter declined with a half-life of ∼10$^8$ years. These results may be put in context by comparison with terrestrial oceanic and total biomasses, ∼3 × 10$^{12}$ kilograms and ∼6 × 10$^{14}$ kilograms, respectively.