Biologically Active Oligodeoxyribonucleotides. 5. 5‘-End-Substituted d(TGGGAG) Possesses Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Activity by Forming a G-Quadruplex Structure

A series of hexadeoxyribonucleotides (6-mers), d(TGGGAG), substituted with a variety of aromatic groups at the 5‘-end were synthesized and tested for anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity. While unmodified d(TGGGAG) (31) had no anti-HIV-1 activity, compound 23 with a 3,4-di(benzyloxy)benzyl (DBB) group at the 5‘-end potently inhibited the HIV-1IIIB-induced cytopathicity of MT-4 cells in vitro (IC50 = 0.37 μM) without cytotoxicity up to 40 μM. A thermal denaturation study on the 5‘-end-substituted 6-mers by means of the circular dichroism (CD) spectra demonstrated that the aromatic substituent attached at the 5‘-end of the 6-mer strongly enhanced the formation of a parallel helical structure consisting of four strands (quadruplex). On the contrary, compound 36, in which one of the guanosines of 23 was replaced by a thymidine, did not form a quadruplex, thus exhibiting no anti-HIV-1 activity. Moreover, both compound 15, with a tert-butyldiphenylsilyl group solely at its 3‘-end, and compound 21, with a relatively small substituent, a benzyl group, at the 5‘-end, formed quadruplexes but had no anti-HIV-1 activity. These findings led us to the conclusion that both the quadruplex structure and the aromatic substituent with adequate size at the 5‘-end are crucial for the interaction of the 5‘-end-substituted 6-mers with the V3 loop as well as the CD4 binding site on viral gp120, resulting in anti-HIV-1 activity.