Translocation of the precursor of α‐amylase into Bacillus subtilis membrane vesicles

Bacilli vigorously secrete proteins into the extracellular environment, and are therefore used in industry for the bulk production of enzymes such as proteinases and amylases. Studies on the mechanism of protein translocation in these Gram‐positive bacteria have been hampered by the lack of an in vitro system. To establish such a system for Bacillus subtilis, everted membranes were isolated from a strain deficient in the alkaline and neutral protease. Translocation‐competent membrane vesicles were obtained only when a broad range proteinase‐inhibitor cocktail was used during membrane isolation. This method efficiently prevented proteolysis of SecY, one of the core integral membrane components of the preprotein translocase. Translocation of the urea‐denatured precursor of the Bacillus licheniformisα‐amylase, preAmyL, and B. subtilis alkaline phosphatase, prePhoB, into the B. subtilis membrane vesicles require the B. subtilis SecA protein and are driven by ATP hydrolysis and the proton‐motive force. These studies establish an authentic in vitro translocation system for protein secretion in B. subtilis.