Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of lipid-protein interactions. A model of the dynamics and energetics of phosphatidylcholine bilayers that contain cytochrome c oxidase

Reconstituted membrane systems of synthetic phosphatidylcholines and the integral membrane enzyme cytochrome c oxidase were prepared in order to conduct nuclear magnetic resonance studies of lipid-protein interactions. These lipids, labeled with a geminate difluoro group on the 1-position hydrocarbon chain, were combined with the enzyme to give active lipid-protein particles with a well-defined ratio of lipid to protein. The fluorine magnetic resonance spectra of a series of preparations with different lipid/protein ratios suggest that the hydrocarbon chain mobility of the lipid is substantially reduced with increasing amounts of protein. The fluorine spectra of a single lipid-protein preparation show a dramatic increase in the number of the more mobile lipid chains with increasing temperature. The results suggest that the enzyme orders the lipid bilayer well beyond those lipids in direct contact with the protein surface, and that the amount of the lipid restricted by the enzyme is dependent upon temperature. The exchange of lipid between the restricted and the more mobile lipid environments most probably does not occur over the time scale measurable by the magnetic resonance techniques, about 10(-3) s.