Changes in skeletal tissue during the aging process

Low bone mass, the major cause of osteoporotic fractures later in life, may result from either low peak bone mass or accelerated bone loss. Peak bone mass is largely genetically determined, but nutritional (e.g., calcium intake) and life-style (e.g., exercise) factors can maximize the genetic potential. Accelerated bone loss in women is associated with estrogen deficiency at menopause. Other factors, including low androgen production and poor calcium absorption, may contribute later in life. The causes of bone loss in men have not been well studied, but environmental factors, including alcohol and tobacco abuse, may be important