Aggregated low density lipoprotein induces tissue factor by inhibiting sphingomyelinase activity in human vascular smooth muscle cells

Background: Our previous results demonstrated that aggregated low density lipoprotein (agLDL) induces tissue factor (TF) expression and activation through Rho A translocation in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). We also previously demonstrated that membrane sphingomyelin (SM) content is higher in agLDL‐exposed VSMC than in control cells. The main enzymes regulating cellular SM content are the family of sphingomyelinases (Smases) that hydrolize SM to phosphorylcholine and ceramide (CER). Objectives: We wished to investigate whether agLDL has the ability to modulate acidic‐ (A‐) and neutral (N‐) Smase activity and whether or not this effect is related to the upregulatory effect of agLDL on Rho A translocation and TF activation in human VSMC. Methods and Results: By measuring generated [14C]‐phosphorylcholine, we found that agLDL significantly decreased A‐Smase and specially N‐Smase activity. Pharmacological Smase inhibitors increased Rho A and TF. Specific loss‐of‐function of A‐Smase or N‐Smase 1 (N1‐Smase) by siRNA treatment (500 nmol L−1, 12 hours) dramatically increased membrane Rho A protein levels (5‐ and 3‐fold, respectively). Concomitantly, TF protein expression and TF procoagulant activity were also increased. Inhibition of A‐Smase or N‐Smase activity by agLDL, siRNA‐anti A‐ or N1‐Smase or pharmacological treatment significantly increased the SM content of vascular cells. The inhibition of SM synthesis by fumonisin B1 (FB1) prevented the upregulatory effect of agLDL on TF. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that inhibition of both A‐ and N1‐Smase might explain the upregulatory effect of agLDL on TF activation, and suggest that this effect is related, at least in part, to membrane SM enrichment.