The Selective Vitamin D Receptor Activator for Albuminuria Lowering (VITAL) Study: Study Design and Baseline Characteristics

Background: Patients with diabetic nephropathy are at high risk for further progressive renal function loss. Treatments that decrease albuminuria have been linked with renal and cardiovascular protection. However, even when taking optimal treatment, residual renal and cardiovascular risk remains high which correlates with the magnitude of residual albuminuria. Use of vitamin D receptor activators, such as calcitriol and paricalcitol, is associated with improved sur- vival. A small study with paricalcitol showed reductions in albuminuria. The VITAL study tests the hypothesis whether paricalcitol persistently reduces albuminuria in diabetic subjects already receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and/or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy. Methods: Randomization in this double-blind trial is equal allocation to paricalcitol 1 μ/day, 2 μg/day, or placebo. Inclusion criteria include: a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) between 100–3,000 mg/g, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 15–90 ml/min/1.73 m 2 , serum calcium