Neuropathic and chronic pain stimuli downregulate central μ -opioid and dopaminergic transmission

Although morphine and other μ-opioid agonists are the main analgesics for severe pain, these compounds have potential for abuse and/or addiction. This has complicated the use of μ-agonists in the treatment of chronic pain. However, clinical studies show that when μ-agonist analgesics are appropriately used to control pain, actual abuse or addiction does not usually occur, although some risk factors that increase vulnerability need to be considered, including genetic variation. We review recent findings on molecular adaptations in sustained pain models, and propose how these adaptations (including sustained release of the endogenous μ-agonist β-endorphin) can result in decreased abuse potential of μ-agonists in chronic pain states. We also review data on particular gene polymorphisms (e.g. in the μ-receptor gene) that could also influence the relative abuse potential of μ-agonists in clinical pain populations.