Gamma‐Glutamyl Transferase: A Novel Cardiovascular Risk BioMarker

Gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a second‐generation enzymatic liver function test available for several decades, initially used as a sensitive indicator of alcohol ingestion, hepatic inflammation, fatty liver disease, and hepatitis. Longitudinal and cross‐sectional investigational studies since 1990 have associated GGT with an increase in all‐cause mortality, as well as chronic heart disease events such as congestive heart failure and components of the metabolic syndrome (abnormal body mass index and levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure). In the upper reference range, GGT was found to be an independent biomarker of the metabolic syndrome, with a 20% per GGT quartile trend rise. Additionally, GGT was positively correlated with an 18% per quartile risk of cardiovascular events and a 26% per quartile increased risk of all‐cause mortality. Furthermore, it may be considered a biomarker for “oxidative stress” associated with glutathione metabolism and possibly a “proatherogenic” marker because of its indirect relationship in the biochemical steps to low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol oxidation. GGT is becoming an important addition to the multimarker approach to cardiovascular risk evaluation. It should be considered a valuable adjunct in stratifying patient risk and in assessing the aggressiveness of appropriate treatment, with hopes of preventing unnecessary cardiac events and deaths in future years. Prev Cardiol. 2010;13:36–41.©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.