Retroviral Gene Transfer Induced Constitutive Expression of Interleukin-2 or Interferon-γ in Irradiated Human Melanoma Cells

Cytokines are important modulators of host antitumor responses. Two of these cytokines, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon γ (IFN-γ), are produced after antigen-induced activation of helper lymphocytes. The cytokines are released into the immediate vicinity where they either interact with the appropriate receptors on effector cell populations or are rapidly degraded. To mimic this physiologic release of cytokines at the effector-target site, we used retroviral vectors to transduce melanoma cells with the IL-2 or IFN-γ cDNA. Five melanoma cell lines were transduced with IL-2– or IFN-γ-containing vectors and secreted IL-2 at 1 to 40 U/mL/106 cells/24 h or IFN-γ 1 to 8 U/mL/106 cells/24 h, respectively. After γ irradiation, these cells continued to secrete cytokines for about 3 to 4 weeks. Secretion of IFN-γ induced upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules in a subset of melanoma cell lines. IL-2 production by human melanoma xenografts induced tumor rejection in BALB/c nu/nu mice, showing the in vivo effect of this cytokine. This study shows that (1) human melanoma cells can be stably transduced with cytokine-containing retroviral vectors; (2) cytokines are secreted constitutively by the transduced tumor cells and have the expected biologic effects in vitro and in vivo; and (3) after γ irradiation, cytokines continue to be secreted for several weeks. These data suggest that irradiated cytokine-secreting allogenic or autologous tumor cells can be used in vaccination protocols for cancer patients.