The structure of the helically perturbed flagellar filament of Pseudomonas rhodos: implications for the absence of the outer domain in other complex flagellins and for the flexibility of the radial spokes

Summary Bacterial flagella, the organelles of motility, are commonly divided into two classes: ‘plain’ and ‘complex’. The complex filaments are pairwise, helically perturbed forms of the plain filaments and have been reported to occur only in Rhizobium and Pseudomonas. Previously, we reconstructed and analysed the structure of the complex filaments of Rhizobium lupini H13‐3 and determined their unique symmetry and origin of the perturbations (Trachtenberg et al., 1986, J Mol Biol 190: 569–576; 1987, 195: 603–620; 1998, 276: 759–773; Cohen‐Krausz and Trachtenberg, 1998, J Struct Biol 122: 267–282). Here, we analyse the structure of the flagellar filament of the other known complex filament, that of Pseudomonas rhodos, as reconstructed from electron microscope images. Compared with the filament of R. lupini, the filament of P. rhodos is more flexible, as implied from high‐intensity darkfield light microscopy and, although constructed from flagellins of higher molecular weights (59 versus 41 kDa), has similar symmetry. Using cryonegative stained specimens and low‐dose, field emission electron microscopy, we reconstructed and averaged 158 filaments each containing 170 statistically significant layer lines. The three‐dimensional density maps of P. rhodos clearly suggest, when compared with those of R. lupini and the right‐handed Salmonella typhimurium SJW1655, that R. lupini is missing the outer flagellin domain (D3), that the interior of the complex filament is rather similar to that of the plain filament and that the radial spokes (connecting domains D0 and D1), present in individual density maps, average out because of their variability and implied flexibility. Extending the three‐start grooves and ridges on the propeller's surface, in the form of an Archimedean screw, may further improve the motility of the cell in viscous environments.