Binding of the dye congo red to the amyloid protein pig insulin reveals a novel homology amongst amyloid-forming peptide sequences

The three-dimensional structure has been determined of a complex of the dye Congo Red, a specific stain for amyloid deposits, bound to the amyloid protein insulin. One dye molecule intercalates between two globular insulin molecules at an interface formed by a pair of anti-parallel β-strands. This result, together with analysis of the primary sequences of other amyloidogenic proteins and peptides suggests that this mode of dye-binding to amyloid could be general. Moreover, the structure of this dye-binding interface between protein molecules provides an insight into the polymerization of amyloidogenic proteins into amyloid fibres. Thus the detailed characterization, at a resolution of 2.5 Å, of the dye binding site in insulin could form a basis for the design of agents targeted against a variety of amyloid deposits.