Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in macrophages

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent activator of antibacterial responses by macrophages. Following LPS stimulation, the tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins is rapidly increased in macrophages, and this event appears to mediate some responses to LPS. We now report that two of these tyrosine phosphoproteins of 41 and 44 kDa are isoforms of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. Each of these proteins was reactive with anti-MAP kinase antibodies and comigrated with MAP kinase activity in fractions eluted from a MonoQ anion-exchange column. Following LPS stimulation, column fractions containing the tyrosine phosphorylated forms of p41 and p44 exhibited increased MAP kinase activity. Inhibition of LPS-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of these proteins was accompanied by inhibition of MAP kinase activity. Additionally, induction of p41/p44 tyrosine phosphorylation and MAP kinase activity by LPS appeared to be independent of activation of protein kinase C, even though phorbol esters also induced these responses. These results demonstrate that LPS induces the tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of at least two MAP kinase isozymes. Since MAP kinases appear to modulate cellular processes in response to extracellular signals, these kinases may be important targets for LPS action in macrophages.