Distribution of the different genotypes of HCV among patients attending a tertiary care hospital in south India

Background: Genotyping of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and assessment of viral load is important for designing therapeutic strategies and region specific diagnostic assays. Objectives: To determine the distribution of HCV genotypes among patients attending a tertiary care hospital in south India, and to correlate this with viral load. Study design: Ninety HCV RNA positive patients were recruited for the study. HCV genotyping was carried out using type-specific primers from the core region of the viral genome [J. Clin. Microbiol. 35 (1997) 201]. Viral load estimations were carried out using the Amplicor HCV Monitor (Versions 1.5 and 2, Roche Diagnostics, Branchburg, NJ, USA). Clinical details were elicited from patients’ hospital records. Results: Genotype 3 was detected most frequently (62.2%) followed by infection with HCV genotype 1 (18.8%). There was no significant difference seen in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values between the two genotypes. Genotype 1 was associated with a significantly higher viral load as compared with genotype 3 ( P=0.001). Parenteral transmission accounted for 61% of all infection caused. Infection with genotype 1 was significantly associated with a history of haemodialysis ( P=0.01). Genotype 3 was detected more frequently in patients from east India, as compared with its detection in patients from south India ( P=0.004). Similarly, genotype 1 was detected with greater frequency in individuals from south India as compared with patients from east India ( P=0.004). The concordance between Ohno's genotyping assay and nucleotide sequencing, for genotypes 1 and 3, was 75%. Conclusions: HCV genotypes 1 and 3 accounted for 81% of HCV infections in patients from this geographical region. HCV genotype distribution showed regional differences and genotype 1 was associated with higher viral loads. Parenteral transmission was the major route for acquisition of HCV infection. Ohno's type-specific primer based genotyping assay can be used for distinguishing between HCV genotype 1 and non-1 HCV genotypes in laboratories that do not possess nucleotide sequencing facilities.