The cryopreservation of liposomes. 2. Effect of particle size on crystallization behavior and marker retention

Liposome dispersions (bilayer composition Phospholipon 100H/dicetylphosphate (molar ratio 10:1) dispersed in 10 m M Tris buffer) are frozen in a differential scanning calorimeter. In the cooling curves of the dispersions a heat-flow below −40 °C is observed. This heat-flow is due to the crystallization of maximally supercooled water. Evidence is provided that at this temperature, defined as the homogeneous nucleation temperature, part or all encapsulated water in the liposomes crystallizes. At a cooling rate of 10 °C/min only for small liposomes with particle sizes below approximately 0.2 μm the internal volume crystallizes at the homogeneous nucleation temperature. After a freezing/thawing cycle of the liposomal dispersions retention of the water-soluble marker carboxyfluorescein (CF) was significantly better if crystallization of the encapsulated volume occurred at the homogeneous nucleation temperature. Up to 55% retention of CF in dispersions with mean vesicle sizes below 0.2 μm was found after storage for 45 min at −50 or −75 °C. Only relatively small particle size alterations were found in comparison with the original mean particle sizes after a freezing/thawing cycle with storage for 45 min at −50 or −75 °C. Independent of particle size, dispersions stored for 45 min at −25 °C showed low CF retention (less than 10%) after thawing. For most of the liposome dispersions stored at −25 °C, large particle size alterations compared to the original particle sizes were observed after a freezing/thawing Cycle.