Matrigel enhances myotube development in a serum‐free defined medium

Previously reported serum‐free defined media for muscle cell culture require supplementation with hormones, purified growth factors or attachment factors. This report describes a culture system that enhances embryonic chick, skeletal muscle cell growth and differentiation in a serum‐free defined medium, without added specialized trophic factors. Myoblasts adhered more to and proliferated more rapidly on a reconstituted basement membrane substrate, Matrigel, than on rat‐tail collagen. Matrigel contains several basement membrane attachment molecules which apparently obviate the need for added purified attachment factors. Matrigel also appeared to play a trophic role in subsequent development by enabling the serum‐free growth of myotubes which suggests that Matrigel mediates the cellular interaction of growth or attachment factors. Collagen, on the other hand, did not support serum‐free myotube growth. Supplementation of defined medium with increasing levels of horse serum enhanced total protein in myotubes grown on both substrates; protein was higher in Matrigel cultures for each medium tested. The serum‐free defined medium supported complete morphological differentiation of myotubes grown on Matrigel and maintained myotube cultures up to 22 days. Fibroblast proliferation was higher in cultures on collagen in defined medium with high serum levels, but was virtually eliminated in cultures on Matrigel in serum‐free defined medium. The culture system described supports the differentiation of embryonic muscle cells in a simple, serum‐free defined medium, thus providing an in vitro model of developing myotubes which should be particularly useful for studies of regulation mediated by extracellular factors.