Structure of the Intact Stem and Bulge of HIV-1 Ψ-RNA Stem-Loop SL1

The Ψ-RNA packaging signal of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) genome contains a 35 nucleotide stem-loop, termed SL1, which is important for efficient genome packaging during virus assembly and for reverse transcription during infectivity. The predicted secondary structure of SL1 consists of an upper stem with a GC-rich loop that facilitates dimerization, a lower stem, and an intervening bulge (G5, A24–G25–G26) that is both strictly conserved and essential for efficient packaging of the viral genome. The structure of the upper stem in both the kissing and duplex dimer forms have been determined recently. Here, we report the structure of an engineered form of SL1 (SL1 m) that contains a GAGA tetraloop substituted for the GC-rich loop. This construct does not aggregate and remains monomeric at concentrations up to 1 mM, enabling structural studies of the intact stems and bulge. The structure was refined using 1H– 13C residual dipolar couplings. The upper stem (C6–G12, C17–G23) is in close agreement with X-ray structures of kissing and duplex dimer forms of related oligoribonucleotides, and nucleotides C1–G4 and C27–G30 form the expected A-helical lower stem. Residues G5 and A24 of the predicted bulge form a G–A mismatch that stacks with the upper stem, and residues G25 and G26 stack between the G–A mismatch and the lower stem in a manner that produces a hole in the center of the bulge and a 25(±4)° bend between the upper and lower stems. SL1 m exhibits relatively poor affinity for the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein, suggesting that the bulge plays other roles in genome packaging.