The effect of a new immunosuppressive drug, brequinar sodium, on heart, liver, and kidney allograft rejection in the rat

Brequinar sodium (BQR) prevents cell proliferation by virtue of its inhibition of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. BQR is capable of inhibiting immune responses in vitro and is effective in suppressing the development of contact sensitivity and adjuvant arthritis in rodent models. Based on the antiproliferative and immunosuppressive capacity of BQR, we have evaluated the efficacy of BQR in preventing allograft rejection utilizing experimental models of heterotopic heart and kidney and orthotopic liver transplantation in an MHC and non-MHC mismatched ACI---LEW rat strain combination. The immunosuppressive activity of BQR is illustrated by its ability to inhibit the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity to DNFB in mice. When BQR was administered orally throughout the sensitization and elicitation phases of the DNFB contact sensitivity response, it was found to be a potent immunosuppressant with an ED50 value of 0.5 mg/kg. This immunosuppressive activity is also seen in vitro, where BQR is capable of inhibiting the mixed lymphocyte response between allogeneic ACI and LEW rat strains with an IC50 of 150 ng/ml. The immunosuppressive activity of BQR is highly effective in prolonging heart, liver, and kidney allograft survival in the rat. Cardiac allografts are not rejected during the period of drug treatment at dosage levels of 12 to 24 mg/kg orally three times weekly. The grafts survive until the drug is discontinued (30 days posttransplantation), and the grafts are then rejected approximately 14 days later. Liver and kidney allografts are permanently accepted by approximately 50 to 90% of the recipient rats following 30 days of treatment with BQR at 12 mg/kg. The tolerance that is induced to the liver grafts extends in the majority of animals to greater than 250 days and is specific for the donor ACI strain. Challenge of long-term liver graft survivors with donor cardiac grafts is associated with permanent survival of donor, but not third-party, heart grafts. Combination therapy consisting of suboptimal doses of BQR and CsA demonstrates that the combination of these two immunosuppressive drugs results in an increased efficacy in prolonging graft survival. The results of these allograft experiments demonstrate that this new immunosuppressive agent is highly effective in preventing allograft rejection in the rat. The antiproliferative activity of BQR is effective for inhibiting T-lymphocyte-mediated immune responses, and Brequinar sodium should be an impo