Alterations in glutathione and amino acid concentrations after hypoxia–ischemia in the immature rat brain

Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury involves an increased formation of reactive oxygen species. Key factors in the cellular protection against such agents are the GSH-associated reactions. In the present study we examined alterations in total glutathione and GSSG concentrations in mitochondria-enriched fractions and tissue homogenates from the cerebral cortex of 7-day-old rats at 0, 1, 3, 8, 14, 24 and 72 h after hypoxia–ischemia. The concentration of total glutathione was transiently decreased immediately after hypoxia–ischemia in the mitochondrial fraction, but not in the tissue, recovered, and then decreased both in mitochondrial fraction and homogenate after 14 h, reaching a minimum at 24 h after hypoxia–ischemia. The level of GSSG was ∼4% of total glutathione and increased selectively in the mitochondrial fraction immediately after hypoxia–ischemia. The decrease in glutathione may be important in the development of cell death via impaired free radical inactivation and/or redox related changes. The effects of hypoxia–ischemia on the concentrations of selected amino acids varied. The levels of phosphoethanolamine, an amine previously reported to be released in ischemia, mirrored the changes in glutathione. GABA concentrations initially increased (0–3 h) followed by a decrease at 72 h. Glutamine levels increased, whereas glutamate and aspartate were unchanged up to 24 h after the insult. The results on total glutathione and GSSG are discussed in relation to changes in mitochondrial respiration and microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP2) which are reported on in accompanying paper [64].